![]() Animal cultures: how we’ve only seen the tip of the iceberg. Chimpanzee ethnography reveals unexpected cultural diversity. Charting cultural variation in chimpanzees. Pan troglodytes (errata version published in 2018). Generation times in wild chimpanzees and gorillas suggest earlier divergence times in great ape and human evolution. To aid conservation efforts, the preservation of cultural diversity, in tandem with genetic diversity, is vital to ensure that behavioural knowledge is not lost and that chimpanzees have a flexible tool-kit of behaviours to adapt to changing environmental conditions. These lead to population isolation and decline, which not only affect genetic diversity, but also cultural diversity by severing the social ties that enable the transmission and maintenance of behaviours within a social group. The main threats are habitat destruction, often as a result of agricultural expansion and industrial development, and hunting. verus) classified as Critically Endangered. Many of these behaviours, especially those connected to foraging, allow chimpanzees to be flexible and adapt when faced with changing environmental conditions or disturbances.Ĭhimpanzees are listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List, with the Western chimpanzee (P. The variety of socially-learned behaviours, that is behaviours learned from others, unique to each chimpanzee society is termed cultural diversity. Many of these behaviours vary between subspecies, and even within populations of the same subspecies. Cultural behaviours include tool use, vocal dialects, non-verbal communication (e.g., gestures), and feeding behaviours (e.g., what foods they eat and how they obtain them).
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